Europe's Two Worlds
Europe is caught, in Matthew Arnold's famous words, "between two worlds; one dead, the other powerless to be born." The world that is dead is the European nationalism that turned the continent into a blood-soaked battlefield in the first half of the 20th century. The hope of the founders of the European Union was that it would replace the cycle of war with a cycle of cooperation in sustaining basic principles of democracy, human rights--and no more war.
The world that has proved powerless to be born is something Winston Churchill once called "the United States of Europe," a single political entity sharing a common constitution, laws, and foreign policy. With their rejection of such a constitution recently, however, voters in France and the Netherlands dealt what may be a fatal blow to that goal. (All 25 states had to agree for the constitution to take effect.)
Why the rejection? Fear. Fear of war has been overtaken by fear of the cheap labor of Eastern Europeans allowed to work in countries like France and Germany for the same low wages and lousy benefits they earned back home. The most disturbing fear in Europe today, however, is the fear of Muslim immigration and the emergence of a Muslim underclass disproportionately represented in the local prison population and increasingly sympathetic to radical political Islam.
With unemployment as high as 10 percent, the first fear is easy to understand, if exaggerated. When al Qaeda bombs kill scores in London, however, the second fear becomes a horrible reality. The deeper issue here, of course, is the lack of a European identity strong enough to transcend national identities. The unprecedented wave of Muslim immigration exacerbates this problem. Faced with outright rejection at worst, or an obviously chilly welcome at best, many new Muslim immigrants hew to their ethnic and religious identities, leaving many Europeans feeling even more threatened.
There is no European equivalent of the American dream. Americans in all 50 states are still Americans. Europeans in 25 different countries, by contrast, prefer to be French, Dutch, British, or Hungarian--and want to remain so. In America, people move freely from state to state. In the countries of the European Union, most citizens are committed homebodies. Fewer than 2 percent live permanently in an EU country other than their own. About half of all citizens in Europe speak only their own native tongue. There are no common European media, which means that the political debate within the EU remains staunchly national. The Common Market failed to forge a common identity compared with the national citizenship that comes out of a shared history, a common language, and a common destiny.
Jobs--not cows. On the economic side, Europe has failed to provide the better jobs and opportunities people expected. Neither the single market nor the single currency has delivered on its promise. In those countries sharing in the euro since 2002, average unemployment is 9 percent and getting worse. In the past 30 years, average incomes have declined relative to America's. Growth has been anemic, which led to higher unemployment, which begat higher social expenditures, which begat higher taxes, which begat even lower growth.
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