By AMANDA LEE MYERS, Associated Press
PHOENIX (AP) — The case of a woman barred from running for city council in an Arizona border town because she isn't fluent in English has raised questions about the 120-year-old law used to kick her off the ballot.
While records don't show the exact intent of the old law, state historian Marshall Trimble said that new white settlers who came to Arizona in droves starting in 1890 with the expansion of railroads "were trying to eradicate Spanish."
The Arizona Supreme Court last week upheld a county judge's ruling that removed Alejandrina Cabrera from a March ballot for city council in San Luis, a small city just across the Mexican border in southwestern Arizona.
Cabrera insists her English is good enough for the community's mostly Spanish-speaking constituents. Her attorney says the effort to stop her is politically motivated because she tried twice to recall the mayor.
If left unchallenged, he warned, the law "will become a political tool ... a litmus or intelligence test" that could be "used and abused to the detriment of voters."
In seeking her removal, San Luis Mayor Juan Carlos Escamilla and other city officials cited a 1913 Arizona law that says anyone "who is unable to speak, write and read the English language is not eligible" to hold any kind of public office in the state.
The Associated Press found that the law actually began as a territorial act in 1889, more than two decades before Arizona became a state on Feb. 14, 1912.
Before railroads, Spanish was the preferred language in Arizona. The currency was the Mexican peso. And marriages between white men and Hispanic women were common and accepted, Trimble said.
"Everyone was treated much more equally out here before it was easy to get here and people started bringing their prejudices with them," he explained. "It was white arrogance."
Another territorial act at the time outlawed interracial marriage. It is no longer on the books.
Although 23 states, including Arizona, have laws that declare English to be their official language, Arizona is the only one that requires office-holders to speak the language, said Jon Griffin, a policy associate at the National Conference of State Legislatures in Washington, D.C.
When reached on her cellphone, Cabrera declined to speak to The Associated Press in English without her lawyer present.
In written questions posed to her in Spanish, she wrote back to the AP in English. Although she misspelled several words, her sentiments were clear: She accused the mayor, the Yuma County judge and the Arizona Supreme Court of racism.
The mayor said the council's decision to remove Cabrera from the ballot had nothing to do with race. He and the rest of the city council are all Hispanic and speak both Spanish and English.
Although a Spanish translator is available at all San Luis council meetings for members of the public who don't speak English, all the meetings and associated materials for council members are in English, Escamilla said.
Council members also have to meet with state and federal officials, and English is essential to those meetings, the mayor said.
John Minore, Cabrera's attorney, compared Arizona's 1889 law to Jim Crow laws, which deprived blacks of political rights after Reconstruction.
He argues that the wording of the law requires an elected official to speak, read and write English, but it does not establish how proficient that person must be. While Cabrera's English is flawed, he said, she can read, write and speak it.
Minore believes Cabrera was targeted for political reasons.
After the city laid off her husband and 11 others during tough budget times, Cabrera led two unsuccessful recall efforts against Escamilla. Her husband worked a desk job in the city's facilities management department.
Minore said he would like to take the case to the U.S. Supreme Court, but that would require financial help and lawyers with more experience in the nation's highest court.
Escamilla said Cabrera was singled out for removal from the ballot solely because of her language skills.
"I'm not using this as a personal vendetta to attack her," he said. "That's not how I govern. This is just what's best for the community."
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